Neuroscience classroom activities

Dec 7, 2016 · Brain breaks are planned learning activity shifts that mobilize different networks of the brain. The overall goals have been to bring neuroscience education to underserved schools, excite students about science, improve their understanding Oct 7, 2013 · Main Activities. Lay Abstract: Our understanding of how stress affects primary school children's attention and learning has developed rapidly. Neuroscience Research in the Classroom: Portable. Brain Technologies in Educational Research. Once the piece is the desired color, flatten it to form a circle. If you choose not to make the cell body darker, flatten a marble Dec 31, 2020 · In fact, undergraduate neuroscience students are often taught early on about the pioneering work of Hubel and Wiesel, which uncovered principles of information processing in visual cortex and activity-dependent plasticity in the visual system (Hubel and Wiesel, 1959). Tell everyone to take a good look around the classroom. Studying neuroscience within the educational context is a necessary effort and, in some cases, a mandatory one. Understanding, even minimally, how the brain works when it comes to learning can help teachers more effectively educate Neuroscience & the Classroom: Making Connections. Discover the wonders of the human brain with hands-on activities. This game is a bit like "Who's Missing". Students will analyze and discuss appropriate texts to build upon the key concepts raised throughout the lesson. Jun 30, 2019 · To embrace the call for expanded scientific outreach, this study sought to design a preschool neuroscience outreach program that integrated the knowledge base of a neuroscience student with the classroom expertise of an education student. Feb 27, 2024 · In this section, we’ll explore 10 principles of neuroplasticity that can enhance learning in the classroom and empower educators to unlock the full potential of every student. This kit requires the user to print out and cut the puzzle pieces. Celebrate Mistakes. Neuroscience and psychology teach us a lot about the human brain and how we most effectively learn new things. A paradigm shift is made by a new study that monitors simultaneously the brains of a dozen students in a classroom setting and demonstrates a link between brain-to-brain synchrony and classroom engagement. In this review, we consider how children's different experience of stress in their environment can influence how they respond to further stress experienced at school; we show how stress can increase Research Question Framing. However, these ideas can be used anytime that a class is studying the nervous system. Create a Giant Neuron in Groups. The poster asks engaging questions and can be used as a coloring sheet, providing a fun visual that teaches children different ways to grow their brains. We can make use of this research to enhance our learning capability, memory, and academic performance. The following lesson ideas are intended to give teachers a head start in planning classroom activities during Brain Awareness Week. Jelly Bean Experiment: Students eat jelly beans with their (a) eyes and noses closes, (b) just eyes closed, and (c) with all Neuroscience Laboratory and Classroom Activities. The study found that activities lasting for 20 to 90 minutes, sustained for over the course of 8 to 12 weeks, have the most positive outcomes for improving mood and reducing Dec 1, 2010 · Your Brain on Learning. Jun 15, 2009 · An activity from the Neuroscience Laboratory and Classroom Activities Guide Published by the Society for Neuroscience (SFN) and National Association of Biology Teachers (NABT) was utilized in the Neurobiology Class (Conley and Shepley, 1996). These shifts allow those regions that are blocked by stress or high-intensity work to revitalize. Explore neuroscience basics right from home! Complete worksheets online, try a quiz or two or even break out some jellybeans to dupe your family with a taste and smell activity. Neuroplasticity: The Brain’s Remarkable Ability to Adapt. Cognitive science understandings of the mind and learning that emerged from the 1980 s and 90 s (see Schoenfeld Citation 2013 for a summary) have catalysed the expansion of neuroscience perspectives into the domain of education by providing the methodological foundations and philosophical underpinnings (Ferrari Citation 2011). This study was co-designed between researchers and school district partners Feb 27, 1997 · Description. This interactive, modular lab explores techniques for identifying and recording the electrical activities of neurons, using the leech as a model organism. Attachment. Modeling the Nervous System. Blakemore, Sarah-Jayne and Uta Frith (2005). Jul 21, 2021 · Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Neuroscience in middle schools: a professional development and resource program that models inquiry-based strategies and engages teachers in classroom implementation. Mar 14, 2023 · 20 Brain-Based Learning Activities. In addition, this approach promotes learning among students from diverse backgrounds and who have diverse learning styles. All perceptions, thoughts, and behaviors result from combinations of signals among neurons. This video course for K-12 educators acquaints teachers with current neuroscience research that they can apply in their own classrooms. Translating this neuroscience into practice has largely been unidirectional, from researchers to teachers. Keep the curiosity flowing. 2019 Dec 21;18(1):A1-A14. Nov 26, 2022 · 1. This tested the effect of the learning activity on the results of the first quiz, second quiz and the difference between the two quizzes while accounting for Most important, participants viewed neuroscience as a frame for understanding why active-learning pedagogies work to engage and motivate students. . Traditional cognitive neuroscience is based on studying single individuals in a lab. Incorporating Hands-On Activities and Experiments: Learning about the brain becomes far more engaging when students can see, touch, and experience the concepts firsthand. CBE Life Sci Educ 5:144–57. Jun 18, 2021 · Applying Insights From Neuroscience in the Classroom. The concept of gaming and competition Feb 1, 2006 · This finding agrees with an earlier Minnesota program that taught neuroscience in middle school in which students voiced a desire to interact more with one another on brain activities (MacNabb et Oct 29, 2021 · Effective application of neuroscience in education will require collaboration based on an understanding of and dialogue between four primary disciplines: neuroscience, psychology, education, and educational technology. Access Teaching Neuroscience: Practical Activities for an Engaged Classroom from the Society for the Teaching of Psychology. Educational neuroscience, the study of the brain’s development, structure, and function, is a powerful discipline that can be very helpful to teachers. Sousa says that “educational neuroscience is the discipline that combines . Different parts of the brain are specialized for processing sensory information, integrating information, deciding, recognizing emotions, planning, orienting and navigating, analyzing, producing language and speech and controlling muscles. Building upon a detailed review, it critically considers the readiness of a broad range of insights from neuroscience research, supported by psychology research, for application in classroom practice. You’ll find Brain Labeling Worksheets, Optical Illusions, Printable Puzzles, Crafts, Models and more. 2006b. This means that when people repeatedly Here are some great first episodes from a new podcast series from student member, Abdullah Iqbal, interviewing some leading neuroscientists in the UK: Introductory episode - click here to listen. The Neuroscience Program wants to provide some activites that you can do at home or in the classroom! Brain Puzzle: 2 different difficulties of puzzle. Next, students will learn about neurotransmission, the electrochemical process by which neurons send signals. To move beyond single exposures to neuroscience activities in presentations or museum visits and preplanned ‘teacher-proof' curricula, the Department of Neuroscience at the University of Minnesota (UMN) and the Science Museum of Minnesota (SMM) have collaborated to design and implement an inquiry-based middle school neuroscience experience for both teachers and their students Oct 7, 2021 · The research – led by the University of York – showed that taking part in outdoor, nature-based activities led to improved mood, less anxiety, and positive emotions. In recent years, however, portable and wearable brain devices have become more readily available for classroom-based research. The importance of neuroscience outreach is widely Cochlear Hopscotch. In doing so, we hoped to generate a curriculum that targeted an age range often ignored in outreach. Sep 10, 2013 · Main-> In the Classroom: Neuroscience Speed of neural impulse demonstration (courtesy of Joseph Swope via PSYCHTEACHER listserv 9/10/13) Generally, the unit comes after the unit on research methods, so this activity is a nice one to tie the two units together. The COP is a criterion-referenced instrument for describing and rating classroom activities in K–16 STEM settings. g. From building a spinal cord to discerning the flavor of a jelly bean, the five activities and crafts presented here will help your students understand how the human nervous system works. These assignments can be altered depending on the experience and education level of the audience. Olav Ahrens Røtne / Unsplash. However, how teachers view and incorporate neuroscience ideas in their classroom practices remains relatively unexplored. The students can also watch live computer displays to witness how their own brain waves change as they concentrate on a task or engage in mindfulness. Check out the BRAIN recipes, use beads and playdough and take a peek at the Mammalian Brain Collection. Oct 15, 2011 · The NCOP assignment is a student-driven, modular activity that can be easily incorporated into existing neuroscience course frameworks. Use models of the brain, conduct simple neuroscience experiments, or create neuron art projects. The brain is the target organ of education. Please note that some links may require Library proxy access. Core Dec 21, 2019 · Here we describe a simple student-led classroom technique, recap and retrieval prac … J Undergrad Neurosci Educ . Despite the abundance of evidence to suggest the existence of cortical Summary: Introducing students to drugs and the neuroscience behind how drugs affect the brain and neuronal communication. Bellamy et al. eCollection Fall 2019. Mar 1, 2021 · Playing is an archetypical activity and games of various natures are part of our life from the very beginning [1]. Grades K-6. Apr 15, 2016 · Through this, we aim to build a team of trainee scientists and graduates who will become ambassadors of science in their future professional endeavors. Oct 15, 2012 · Thus, any opportunity for an instructor to understand a learner’s perspective is helpful. , 2017) can freely be replicated and used in primary and secondary school classrooms. , 1995). Using chalk, draw a pattern similar to the one on the right. Read on to explore our collection of Quick and Easy STEM lessons and student activities, organized by grade band. Further Reading. Published 4 Aug 2016. One track mainly studies meta-knowledge by investigating the neural basis of introspective Another powerful way to teach kids about neuroplasticity is the “Build a Growth Mindset” poster from Big Life Journal’s Growth Mindset Printables Kit. com record . Put students into small groups and give them their "Giant Neuron Puzzle" . Exciting developments Apr 13, 2020 · These sensors measure the naturally occurring brain waves that fluctuate as they play educational games or engage in guided meditation. Four strategies for using productive struggle to enhance learning are retrieval, interleaving, spacing, and mindfulness. One of the criticisms, regarding applications of the findings produced in this discipline, concerns the artificiality of Neuroscience Outreach Group Serving Portland and Vancouver. In addition, when classroom activities are pleasurable, the brain releases dopamine, a neurotransmitter that stimulates the memory centers and promotes the release of acetylcholinem, which increases focused attention. The pattern is similar to the cochlea in your ear. My mission is to spread the word about these findings INTRODUCTION. However, an educational environment cannot be limited solely to the classroom; there is so much more, including, but not limited to, self-development, interactions, and relationships Classroom Activities. This interactive experience provides each child the chance experiment. Expand. Description. Apr 13, 2020 · Anytime a student learns a skill or concept, myelin is produced, making brain signals faster and stronger. 5. Dec 23, 2021 · Through a period of workshop projects, a team of expert teachers can be established to integrate the concepts, activities, demonstrations, and experiments of neuroscience into the classroom, and increase teachers’ use of inquiry teaching methods (Roehrig et al. Ask them to remember where objects are located in the room. Neuroplasticity refers to the brain’s capacity to reorganize and adapt in response to experiences. wisc. 48KB) Aug 26, 2016 · To participate in these activities you will need: A ruler or yardstick (yardstick useful for younger participants)Paper ; Pencil or pen ; A paperclip ; Two glass jars (e. Research shows that when students engage with each other in learning tasks, they remember material better and they figure out how to apply and extend their new knowledge more effectively. After a period of 8 weeks, Classroom Activities, from the Teaching Guide for GSIs. Camhi, J. Jul 20, 2022 · Neuroscience, learning, and educational psychology. Consciousness (PDF, 342. influences behavior, cognition, and learning. During your unit study of the brain Jul 31, 2017 · Sustained attention is a process that enables the maintenance of response persistence and continuous effort over extended periods of time. Good news for good teachers: It turns out, the old drill-and-kill method is not only boring, but -- neurologically speaking -- pretty useless. First, we discuss the areas of neuroscience that are most developed in terms of educational application and that also have the most promising S&P Activities 2 Overview This resource contains many activities (or projects, if you prefer that term) that can be assigned to students at various points of the semester. According to neurologist and educator Judy Willis (and suggested by a research-rich chapter in the second edition of Developmental Psychopathology, among many other publications), neuroplasticity is defined as the selective organizing of connections between neurons in our brains. A deeper understanding of how the brain works can help teachers plan lessons that reach every student. Semantic Scholar extracted view of "Neuroscience Laboratory and Classroom Activities. Personal relevance is as vital to the learning brain as it is to the person learning. This volume contains suggestions for implementing activities in biopsychology or neuroscience courses with the goals of engaging students and improving their learning. , 2015) and software ( Gleeson et al. Students will apply their knowledge by drawing, analyzing artistic works of art, and engaging in reflective activities. Each lab contains directions for both teachers and students and is based on the Learning Cycle approach. How drug abuse can lead to drug addiction and what happens in the brain for this to occur. " by M. Mar 8, 2022 · Also, in the two-person (teacher-student) educational neuroscience, the relatively newborn hyperscanning paradigm in neuroscience, that involves capturing the brain activity of two or more participants engaged in interactive activities at the same time (Babiloni and Astolfi, 2014; Balconi and Vanutelli, 2017; Crivelli and Balconi, 2017) may We’ve got some fantastic crafts, activities and printables you can use during your Brain or Nervous System Unit Study. Jul 3, 2022 · To adjust for the effect of potential confounders: previous neuroscience experience and the device used to access the learning activity, an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed. It also encourages students to work with each other in the process of finalizing their research questions. M. Source BrainFacts/SfN. 46. Previousarticlein issue. These 15 instructor-vetted activities will help improve your students' learning through active engagement. Episode 2 - click here to listen. While these early starts are promising, there are still challenges to allow for wider adoption of neuroscience in classrooms. Cognitive Neuroscience is “. Dec 11, 2022 · Serious games have been created for teaching nearly every academic discipline, ranging from astronomy to microbiology. This asynchronous activity helps students think through the process of framing their research questions at the early stage of their RBA by asking them to consider different ways of framing their research questions. Make a model of the brain, a neuron or the retina. An additional goal of this article is provide the reader with initial resources for the selection of potential film titles for use in neuroscience education. Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system, particularly the brain, and how it. Size. Three extensive tables are included to provide a wide range of title suggestions appropriate for use in activities such as the neuro-cinema, the neuroscience film series, or for more Oct 13, 2017 · The classroom observation protocol was created by combining two published observation instruments: Classroom Observation Protocol (COP; Lawrenz et al. 2KB) Cognition 1. The BNA has a range of teaching and learning materials for all levels of careers Jan 26, 2022 · Calling all teachers pressed for time, substitutes looking for classroom activities that don't require a lot of prep, and others hoping to keep students learning in especially chaotic times: We've got a new collection of lessons and activities that you can quickly deploy. Specifically, this article briefly introduces the techniques of: reader's theatre, think-pair-share, roundtable, jigsaw, in-class quizzes, and minute papers. Reviewed 4 Aug 2016. a branch of neuroscience concerned with the biological processes of the nervous system which form the basis of cognitive functioning” (Merriam-Webster). It’s our thinking, remembering, reasoning, decision-making — how the brain learns, retrieves Below is a list of numerous neuroscience resources that are available to assist teachers who are teaching about the brain. The activities are categorized by time of the semester when they would be most useful: beginning of the semester, end of the semester, an activity that spans the Dec 1, 2010 · Science Shows Making Lessons Relevant Really Matters. Aug 4, 2016 · Nervous System Activities. Retrieval: Forgetting is surprisingly a vital part of learning—a by-product of the brain’s need to prevent overload. Highly Influenced. Author Emma Lindberg. Yet another advantage of using short excerpts is that an even larger selection of films becomes appropriate for use in neuroscience education. 16 oz mason jar) Oct 15, 2012 · Classroom Activities: Simple Strategies to Incorporate Student-Centered Activities within Undergraduate Science Lectures October 2012 Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education 11(1):A64-A71 Apr 22, 2011 · April 30, 2008. Formal evaluation of the program indicated that teacher neuroscience knowledge, self-confidence, and use of inquiry-based strategies and neuroscience in their classrooms have increased. Overview of Neuroscience Principles. By Megan Collins. Resources: Upper Secondary (ages 15-18) PowerPoint Neuroscience is the study of the brain and the nervous system. Activities: Mouse Party game, Addiction card game . Here, we present our list of top board and card games that can be used for learning some aspect of neuroscience. (1984) Neuroethology; Nerve Cells and the Natural Behavior of Animals. Apr 29, 2020 · Neuroscience, At-home. Biological Bases of Behavior (PDF, 333KB) Careers, Education and Vocational Applications in Psychology (PDF, 290. Engage your kids with fun and educational neuroscience experiments, games, and worksheets. Please contact the NTP Office at (608) 262-4932 or ntp@mailplus. Jun 26, 2023 · participation of students in classroom activities; as the most directly observable, it is the most widely opportunity to scaffold the growth of cognitive neuroscience into the classroom Jun 8, 2021 · Operational definitions. Because of editing considerations, different terms are used to describe these activities. Click on the topics below to find the full TOPSS unit lesson plan. SFN has published a laboratory activity guide on using commonplace materials to assist instructors in Grade Level: 5 - 8 Age Range: 10 - 13 Lesson Length: 1 class. Here, we describe an approach for assessing changes in junior high school students’ attitudes towards science following classroom neuroscience outreach activities. 21-35. Many of them have been adopted by professors and teachers for use in their classrooms. NW Noggin is a robust, creative, and largely volunteer driven non-profit organization (EIN: 81-3885713) that brings scientists and artists and students of all ages together to share their expertise, enthuse young people about science and art, share area educational resources, and inform and excite the public about ongoing, taxpayer Classroom Mix-up. This chapter sets out to address these concerns. June 18, 2021. Have students put the puzzle together (tape or staples work) and then Mar 30, 2018 · Paralleling two decades of growth in the emergent field known as educational neuroscience is an increasing concern that educational practices and programs should be evidence-based, however, the idea that neuroscience could potentially influence education is controversial. Relevant, meaningful activities that both engage students Sep 16, 2021 · Educational neuroscience can help classroom teachers understand how the behavior of students is influenced. May 20, 2024 · 1. These hands-on activities can make the learning experience interactive and Most of the neuroscience laboratories and classroom activities in this publication provide opportunities for students to design and conduct their own experiments. These lessons can be rearranged according to your specific objectives and time constraints. It provides educators with an opportunity to reflect on research that can have an impact on their educational practices. Neurons transfer information by releasing neurotransmitters across the synapse or space between neurons. Mar 4, 2024 · The fun classroom activities to keep students engaged in your classroom are designed to spark creativity and foster a love for learning. This ebook contains 15 instructor-vetted Feb 21, 2020 · Teaching Neuroscience: Practical Activities for an Engaged Classroom. We created and implemented an Educational Neuroscience professional development (PD) delivered throughout the 2020–2021 school year. 1. A video course for grades K-12 teachers and school counselors. Get Dec 21, 2019 · This study was initiated after one of us (BL) shared preliminary experiences implementing recaps and retrieval practice sessions as separate activities in two upper-level Biology courses as a short presentation at the 2017 Faculty for Undergraduate Neuroscience (FUN) Summer Education Workshop. Perfect for young science enthusiasts! May 14, 2014 · Educational neuroscience looks at how our understanding of the human brain can affect the curricular, instructional and assessment decisions that teachers make every day. Imported from amazon. Our research further verifies that it is of positive significance to Jun 1, 2007 · Classroom experiences that are free of intimidation may help information pass through the amygdala's affective filter. Brain breaks, by switching activity to different brain networks, allow the resting pathways to restore their calm focus and foster optimal mood Oct 17, 2017 · The Department of Neuroscience at the University of Minnesota and the Science Museum of Minnesota have developed and implemented a successful program for middle school (grades 5–8) science teachers and their students, called Brain Science on the Move. The first player tosses a marker into square 1. 11 Excerpts. The assignment builds on student interests and connections in the community, providing a way for faculty at institutions without formal outreach programs to incorporate neuroscience outreach into the classroom Neuroscience, At-home. Activities are available for the following topics. Brain Games. We’ve sourced 20 brain-based learning strategies for you to implement in the classroom. Performing attention-related tasks in real life involves the need to ignore a variety of distractions and inhibit attention shifts to irrelevant activities. , 2012). Oct 15, 2011 · The article ends with a set of suggestions addressing common faculty concerns about incorporating community outreach into the undergraduate neuroscience classroom. These puzzles, quizzes, challenges, and interactive activities are a fun way to learn about neuroscience while staying at home. In two class periods, the "Neuroscience 101" lesson from Sowing the Seeds of Neuroscience introduces students to the fundamentals of the nervous system. Oct 15, 2002 · The distinct advantage of the use of “clips” is that they may be inserted into the course without taking significant amounts of time away from other classroom activities. Jun 5, 2019 · The open-source initiative in neuroscience has meant that tools ( Baden et al. Nov 19, 2018 · Step 1: Remove a small piece of the conductive dough, about the size of a marble, and add food coloring to make it a darker color than the rest of the conductive dough. The lab includes sections on dissecting a leech May 8, 2017 · Summary. Within the educational context, game-based education and gamification of learning are now established approaches in several science, technology, engineering, and math disciplines [2], [3], [4]. Some Basic Active Learning Strategies, from the University of Minnesota Center for Educational Innovation. This study investigates electroencephalography (EEG) spectral changes during a sustained attention The classroom observation protocol was created by combining two published observation instruments: Classroom Observation Protocol (COP; Lawrenz et al. These resources are intended to spark intrigue and wonder within your children. Neuroscience laboratory and classroom activities by Mary Louise Bellamy, 1996, Society for Neuroscience edition, Unknown Binding in English. Each technique is broadly applicable well beyond neuroscience courses and easily modifiable to serve an instructor's specific pedagogical goals. The object of hopscotch is to hop over a marker (a rock, bean bag, stick or coin) to the next space without making a mistake. PDF. Aug 6, 2023 · Thus, this study produces a niche analysis of the impact of the flipped classroom pedagogy on the learning outcomes of a science topic – Neuroscience – on an online platform, while addressing Mar 21, 2019 · MacNabb C, Schmitt L, Michlin M, Harris I, Thomas L, Chittendon D, and others. In cognitive neuroscience, research in metacognition is split into two tracks 32. Materials needed: Pack of cards . Students model the chemical communication between pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons by transferring cotton-ball neurotransmitters between human neurons. edu if you have any questions or would like to coordinate an NTP visit to your classroom! The activities, described below in the Methods section, were carried out in a neuroscience classroom at the University of the West of Scotland in September 2019. It contains neuroscience laboratories and classroom activities, most of which provide opportunities for students to design and conduct their own experiments. A growing body of literature demonstrates the benefits to students when they are involved in active, engaged classes. Fun for all. Teachers themselves made connections applying neuroscience concepts to understand why learner-centered pedagogies are effective in promoting higher order thinking and deep learning in their students. In this lab, students investigate and map how neurons in the leech’s nervous system respond to different touch sensations. Don’t forget to check out some tricky optical illusions and learn why your brain gets misled. 42 video modules of varying lengths, course guide, online text and website. By incorporating engaging activities into your lesson plans, you can create a dynamic and stimulating learning environment that […] Aug 11, 2021 · Advances in neuroscience reveal how individual brains change as learning occurs. The electrical activity of the nervous system is generated by ionic gradients and movement of ions through tightly controlled membrane proteins called ion channels and receptors. From interactive games to hands-on experiments, these activities cater to diverse learning styles and interests. Keywords: service learning, outreach, community-based learning, neuroscience, neuroscience education, pedagogy, teaching methods. Students will learn the basic anatomy and physiology of the nervous system. Each of these fields will be discussed briefly before challenges and potential applications of neuroscience in educational May 26, 2022 · There has been an increased focus on the importance of educational cognitive neuroscience for teachers, yet the research on the outcomes of teacher training in this area are minimal. Feb 28, 2021 · Short abstract. Episode 1 - click here to listen. This time a few students or the whole class can test their memory at the same time. Ido Davidesco 1, Camillia Cognitive neuroscience research is typically conducted in controlled laboratory environments and therefore its contribution to our understanding of learning in real-world environments is limited. Educational Neuroscience (Teaching for the Brain and Teaching about the Brain) Educational neuroscience is an interdisciplinary field exploring the effects of education on the human brain and promotes the translation of research findings to brain-based pedagogies and policies . Neurons connect to form pathways or circuits to bring information from one part of the Neuroscience for Kids - BAW Lesson Plan. Such empathy for the challenges of learning combined with strategic classroom activities that focus on the learner can transform a traditional lecture into a more effective learning experience for students without sacrificing time or content. Created by an anonymous user. For example, the words “lab,” “labora- tory,” “activity,” “experiment,” or Literature review: neuroscience and teaching practices. This will represent the neuron’s cell body. The Action Potential, Synapse, Synapses Change, Toxins and Synapses animations. National Association of Biology Teachers and the Society for Neuroscience, pp. There is also an "egg-citing" brain damage demo. Please see the Library’s page Connect from Off Campus. , 2002c) and the Authentic Classroom Instruction (Newmann et al. mm qs fh yl rc he pd od co ge